The Liver
　　The liver is the largest gland in the body (approximately 1500 grams) and is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. It is glossy in appearance and dark red in color from the rich supply of blood flowing through it. Approximately 25% of the cardiac output flows to the liver. It performs many important functions:
　　(1)the uptake, storage, and disposal of nutrients (protein, carbohydrates and fat), drugs, toxins and (2)the production of synthetic proteins (critical for blood clotting) and metabolism of substances produced by the body.
　　肝脏
　　肝脏是人体最大的腺体（重约1500克），它位于右上腹部。肝脏表面光滑，因血液供应丰富而呈暗红色。大约25%的心输出量流向肝脏。肝脏有许多重要的功能：
　　（1）营养物（蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂肪）、药物和毒素的摄取、储存和代谢。（2）合成蛋白（危急时的血凝块）的产生和机体物质的代谢。
Anatomy of the Liver
　　he anterior surface of the liver is triangular in shape, made of two lobes. The right lobe is the larger of the two, measuring 6 to 7 inches in length. The left lobe is 3 inches in length.
　　Ligaments connect the upper surface of the liver to the diaphragm and the abdominal wall and the under surface to the stomach and duodenum. The gall bladder is located on the under surface of the right lobe of the liver. Neighboring organs include the colon, the intestines, and the right kidney.
　　肝脏解剖学
　　肝的前面是三角形，由两个叶组成。右叶较大，长6-7英寸。左叶长3英寸。
　　肝的上面由韧带连接着膈肌和腹壁，下面连接着胃和十二指肠。胆囊位于肝右叶的下方。它的邻近器官是结肠、小肠和右肾。
The Liver Up Close
　　When viewed under a microscope, the liver is seen as large network of units called hepatic lobules. The hepatic lobule is very small and looks like a six-sided cylinder.
　　The lobule itself is surrounded by connective tissue and has 5 to 7 clusters of vessels around its edges. These vessels include a branch of the portal vein, a branch of the hepatic artery, and a bile duct.
　　A central vein runs through the middle of the lobe and is surrounded by cords of liver cells that radiate out in all directions. Between these cords are wide thinwalled blood vessels called sinusoids. All of the blood drains into a hepatic vein which then circulates throughout the body.
　　肝的微细结构
　　在显微镜下，肝脏是由肝小叶为单位的网状结构。肝小叶非常小，是六棱柱体。
　　小叶的周围是结缔组织，边缘围绕着5-7串脉管，有门静脉、肝动脉和胆小管。
　　小叶的中央由中央静脉穿过，周围被向四周呈放射状排列的肝细胞索包围。在索之间是扩大了的毛细血管叫血窦。所有的血液都流入肝静脉参与体循环
Digestive Function of the Liver
　　Sometimes referred to as the great chemical factory of the body, the liver creates, regulates, and stores a variety of substances used by the gastrointestinal system, and it serves a number of important digestive functions.
　　The main digestive chemical synthesized by the liver is bile. During a meal, bile is secreted by liver cells and travels through the hepatic duct system into the small intestine where it is used to break down fat molecules.
　　Between meals, bile is stored in the gall bladder. Bile further serves as a waste disposal system for toxins removed from the blood by the liver.
　　The liver also plays a major role in the regulation of blood glucose (blood sugar). The liver synthesizes, dissolves, and stores amino acids, protein, and fat.It stores several important vitamins like B12 and Vitamin A. The liver also disposes of cellular waste and breaks down harmful substances, like alcohol.
　　肝的消化功能
　　由于机体是一个大的化学工厂，肝脏产生、调节和储存一系列物质用于胃肠道，它有许多重要的消化功能。
　　肝进行消化的化学性物质是胆汁。就餐时，肝细胞分泌的胆汁通过肝管系统进入小肠，消化脂肪微粒。
　　在两餐之间，胆汁被储存在胆囊。胆汁还用于肝从血液排除毒素废物。
　　肝脏在调节血液葡萄糖（血糖）的作用中也起着非常重要的作用。肝脏合成、分解和储存氨基酸、蛋白质和脂肪。它储存一些重要的维生素，如B12和维生素A。肝也代谢细胞废物和分解有害物质，如酒精。
转自丁香园

肠肝循环
enterohepatic circulation
传染性坏死性肝炎
infectious necrotic hepatitis
胆汁性肝硬变
biliary cirrhosis
非肝性的
anhepatic
非肝原性的
anhepatogenic
肝板
hepatic plate
肝胆小肠吻合术
hepaticoenterostomy
肝胆汁
hepatic bile
肝动脉
arteria hepatica
肝豆状核变性
hepatolenticular degeneration
肝（血）窦
hepatic sinusoid
肝毒素
hepatotoxin
肝固有动脉
arteria hepatica propria
肝昏迷
coma hepaticum
肝静脉血栓形成
hepatic vein thrombosis
肝破裂
hepatorrhexis
\肝切除术
hepatectomy
肝清蛋白
hepatoalbumin
肝韧带
ligamenta hepatis
肝细胞性黄疸
hepatocellular jaundice
肝小叶
hepatic lobule
肝星形细胞
stellate cell of liver
肝性脑病
hepatic encephalopathy
肝再生
liver regeneration
肝脏肿瘤
liver neoplasm
肝肿大
hepatomegaly
坏死性后肝硬变
postnecrotic cirrhosis
门脉性肝硬化
Laennec's cirrhosis
妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症
intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
ICP
妊娠急性脂肪肝
acute fatty liver of pregnancy
鸭病毒性肝炎
duck virus hepatitis
中毒性肝炎
toxic hepatitis
肝硬化
cirrhosis
肝小静脉闭塞病
veno-occlusive disease of the liver
VOD
布加综合征
Budd-Chiari syndrome
BCS
肝豆状核变性
Wilson disease
纤维增生
fibrogenesis
细胞外基质
extracellular matrix
ECM
纤维连接蛋白
fibronectin
层连蛋白
laminin
基质金属蛋白酶
matrix metalloproteinase
MMPs
基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制物
tisse inhibitor of metalloproteinase
TIMP
肝性脑病
hepatic encephalopathy
HE
轻微肝性脑病
minimal HE
充盈不足学说
underfill theory
泛滥学说
overflow theory
纤维化淤胆性肝炎
fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis

病毒复制
viral replication
转化生长因子
transforming growth factor
TGF
肿瘤坏死因子
tomor necrosis factor
NGF
血小板衍生因子
platelet-derived growth factor
PDGF
纤维母细胞
myofibroblast
MFB
肝活检
liver biopsy
肝细胞生长因子
hepatocyte growth factor
HGF
透明质酸
hyaluronic acid
HA
纤维母细胞生长因子
fibroblast growth factor
表皮生长因子
epitdermal growth factor
EGF
干扰素
interferon
白介素
interleukin
爆发性肝炎
fulminant hepatitis
动物嗜肝病毒
animal hepadnaviruses
酒精性肝硬化
alcoholic cirrohosis
胆汁性肝纤维化
biliary hepatic fibrosis
先天性肝纤维化
congenital hepatic fibrosis
慢性活动性肝炎
chronic active hepatitis
慢性持续性肝炎
chronic persistent hepatitis
慢性迁延性肝炎
chronic prolonged hepatitis
DNA多聚酶
DNA polymerase
基因突变
gene mutation
基因变异
gene variation

脱氧核糖核酸
deoxyribonucleic acid
共价键闭环DNA cccDNA
covalently closed circular DNA
缺失突变
deletion mutation
病毒学应答(virological response) 指血清HBV DNA 检测不到(PCR 法) 或低于检测下
限，或较基线下降≥2 log10。
血清学应答(serological response) 指血清HBeAg 转阴或HBeAg 血清学转换或HBsAg 转
阴或HBsAg 血清学转换。
生化学应答(biochemical response) 指血清ALT 和AST 恢复正常。
组织学应答(histological response) 指肝脏组织学炎症坏死或纤维化程度改善达到某一规
定值。
初始或早期应答(initial or early response) 治疗12 周时的应答。
治疗结束时应答(end-of-treatment response) 治疗结束时应答。
持久应答(sustained response) 治疗结束后随访6 个月或12 个月以上，疗效维持不变，
无复发。
维持应答(maintained response)
脂联素
adiponectin
非酒精性脂肪肝
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
瘦素
LEP;leptin
胆红素
bilirubin
丙氨酸氨基转移酶
alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

肝脓疡
Liver Abscess
肝细胞凋亡
hepatocyte apoptosis
肝炎病毒感染
hepatitis virus infection
酒精性肝病
alcoholic liver disease
酒精性肝硬化
alcoholic cirrhosis
肝纤维化
hepatic fibrosis
血清诊断
serum diagnosis
层粘连蛋白
laminin
Ⅳ型胶原
Type Ⅳ collagen
透明质酸
Hyaluronic acid
肝癌
hepatic carcinoma
肿瘤坏死因子
tumor necrosis factor
免疫紊乱
immunodeficiency
消化性溃疡
peptic ulcer
幽门螺杆菌
helicobacter pylori
腹腔注射
Abdominal cavity injection
干细胞
Stem cells
肝疾病
Liver diseases
隐匿性感染
Occult infection
非酒精性
non-alcoholic
脂肪性肝炎
Steatohepatltls
脂肪肝
Fatty liver
门静脉栓塞术
Portal vein embolization
肝肾综合征
Hepatorenal syndrome
腹膜炎
Peritonitis
腹水
Ascites
静脉曲张
Varicose veins
出血
Hemorrhage
肝功能不全
hypohepatia
肝硬化
hepatocirrhosis
肝肿大
hepatomegaly
肝脾肿大
hepatosplenomegaly
肝源性的
hepatogenic
肝样变
hepatization
肝坏死
hepatonecrosis
肝破裂
hepatorrhexis
肝萎缩
hepatatrophia
肝糖原
hepatic glycogen ；hepatin
肝糖分解
glycogenolysis
肝糖生成
glycogenesis

肝索
hepatic cord
肝小梁
hepatic trabecula
肝窦状隙
hepatic sinusoid
胆总管结石
choledocholithiasis
黄疸的、黄疸患者
icteric
黄疸性肝炎
icterohepatitis
胆汁郁积的
cholestatic
纳差
anorexia
高氨血症
ammoniemia
隐性感染
covert infection
亚临床感染
subclinical infection
机会性感染
opportunistic infection
人兽共患病
zoonosis

碎屑样坏死
piecemeal necrosis
重型肝炎
hepatitis gravis
淤胆型肝炎
cholestatic hepatitis
同时感染
co-infection
重叠感染
super-infection
K-F环
Kayser-Fleischer ring
肝肾综合症
hepato-renal syndrome
伤寒
typhoid fever
副伤寒
paratyphoid fever
肥达反应
Widal's test
外斐反应
Weil-Felix test
肝阿米巴病
hepatic amebiasis
阿米巴肝脓肿
amebic liver abscess
伴随免疫
concomitant immunity
夏-雷结晶
Charcot-Leyden crystal

Adipose tissue 脂肪组织
4-hydroxynonenal 4-轻基乙酸
adipocytokines 脂肪细胞因子
Antigen一presenting cells 抗原提呈细胞
aspartate aminotransferase 天冬门氨酸氨基转移酶
Biotin-Streptavidin 生物素一链霉亲和素系统
carnitine palmitoyl transferaseI 肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶
Cholesterol, 胆固醇
cytochrome P450 2E 1 细胞色素P4502E 1
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes 细胞毒性T细胞
fasting. 禁食
flow cytometry 流式细胞术
glutamgtranspeptidaser 谷氨酞转肽酶
hemochromatosis 血色素沉着症
Hypoadiponectinemia 低脂联素血症
immunoenzymometric 免疫酶测定法
Insulin Resistance 胰岛素抵抗
interleukin-8 白细胞介素8
lipid peroxidation 脂质过氧化
liver parenchyma 肝实质
major histocompatibility complex 主要组织相容性复合体
malondialdehyde 丙二醛
monoclonal antibody 单克隆抗体
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells 外周血单个核细胞
permeability transition pore 通透性转换孔
Phytohemagglutinin 植物血凝素
questionnaire 调查表, 问卷, 调查表
reactive oxygen species 线粒体反应氧体系
transforming growth factor 转移生长因子
triglyceride 甘油三酯
tumor necrosis factor- a 肿瘤坏死因子a
保存时间
preservation time
保存损伤
preservation injury
暴发性肝衰竭
fulminant hepatic failure
FHF
背驮式肝脏移植
piggyback liver transplantion
肝肾联合移植
combined liver-kidney transplantation
CLKT
活体肝移植
Living-related liver transplantation
LRLT
减体积肝移植
reduced-size liver transplantation
RLT
门静脉内肝细胞移植
Intraportal hepacyte transplantation
脾内肝细胞移植
Intrasplennic hepacyte transplantation
腹腔内肝细胞移植
Intraperitoneal hepacyte transplantation
尸体肝移植
Cadaver liver transplantation
原位肝移植
Orthotopic liver transplantation
异位肝移植
heterotopic liver transplantation
异种肝移植
xenogeneic liver transplantation
辅助性肝移植
auxiliary liver transplantation
劈离式肝移植
split liver transplantation
再次肝移植
hepatic retransplantation
肝肾综合症
hepatorenal syndrome
HRS
肝肺综合症
hepatopulmonary syndrome
HPS
静脉-动脉转流
Veno-arterial bypass
静脉-静脉转流
Veno-venous bypass
囊性纤维化
cystic fibrosis
终末期肝病
end-stage liver disease

旁路胆红素
shunt bilirubin
旁路高胆红素血症
shunt hyperbilirubinemia
血红素氧化酶
heme oxygenase
胆红素UDP葡萄糖醛酸基转移酶
bilirubin UDP-glucuronyl transferase ，bilirubin-UGT
谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(Y蛋白)
glutathione S-transferase
脂肪酸结合蛋白(Z蛋白)
fatty acid binding protein ，FABP
3α-羟类固醇脱氢酶(Y'蛋白)
3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
胆汁酸依赖性胆汁流
bile acid-dependent flow
钠离子/牛磺胆酸盐同向转运多肽
Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide ，NTCP
有机阴离子运载多肽 / 人肝特异载体
organic anion transporting polypeptide ，OATP / human liver specific transporter
胆汁酸盐输出泵
bile salt export pump ，BSEP
黄疸
jaundice ；icterus
高胆红素血症
hyperbilirubinemia
葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ，G6PD
肝前非溶血性黄疸
prehepatic nonhemolytic jaundice
家族性进行性肝内胆汁淤滞综合症
progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis ，PFIC
门脉系统性脑病
portal-systemic encephalopathy
假性神经递质学说
false neurotransmitter hypothesis
γ-氨基丁酸
γ-amino-butyric acid ，GABA
胆小管
bile capillary
铜蓝蛋白
ceruloplasmin
肝细胞生长因子
hepatocyte growth factor
肝脏相关淋巴细胞
liver-associate lymphocytes
黄嘌呤脱氢酶
xanthine dehydrogenase
黄嘌呤氧化酶
xanthine oxidase

sinusoidal endothelial cell (SEC) 窦内皮细胞
Kupffer cell 枯否细胞
hepatic stellate cells 肝星状细胞
situ collagenase perfusion 原位胶原蛋白酶灌注
hepatic stem cell ，HSC 肝干细胞
hepatic oval cell，HOC 肝卵圆细胞
extracelluarmatrix，ECM 细胞外基质
Fibrogenesis 纤维增生
Fibrolysis 纤维分解
Fibrosis 肝纤维化
Lamivudine Tablets 拉米夫定片
Adefovir Dipivoxil Tablets 阿德福韦酯片
endicavir 恩替卡维
Telbivudine LdT
emtricitabine 恩曲他滨
Clevudine 克拉夫定
PEGylated Interferons 聚乙二醇干扰素
PEG-IFN- α2a，Pegasys 派罗欣注射液
PEG-IFN- α2b 佩乐能
Interferon-α 干扰素
Thymopolypeptides for Injection 胸腺肽
foscavir see foscarnet sodium 膦甲酸钠

artificial liver support systems(ALSS)人工肝支持系统
Plasma exchange，PE 血浆置换
racorporeal bioartifical Liver Support System(EBLSS）体外生物人工肝支持系统
molecular adsorbent recirculating system mars 分子吸附再循环系统
haemodialysis 血液透析
endotoxin 内毒素
prothrombin time ，PT 凝血酶原时间
cholesterol 胆固醇
aspartate aminotransferase 谷草转氨酶
alkali phosphatase 碱性磷酸酶
alpha fetoprotein 甲胎蛋白
anti-nuclear antibody, ANA 抗核抗体
auto-immune hepatitis(AIH) 自身免疫性肝炎
antimitochodrialantibody,AMA 抗线粒体抗体
primarybiliar Tcirrhosis,PBC 原发性胆汁性肝硬化
portal hypertension 门静脉高压症
portal hypertensive gastropathy 门脉高压性胃病
hypersplenism 脾机能亢进
liver palm 肝掌
spider telangiectasia 蜘蛛痣
facies hepatica 肝病面容
hepatic odor 肝臭
nausea 恶心
vomit 呕吐
debilitation 乏力
singultus 呃逆
abdominal distension 腹胀
oliguresis 尿少
diuretic 利尿剂
blood electrolytes 血电解质
kaliopenia 低钾血症
hyperkalemia 高钾血症
natremia 低钠血症
asterixis 扑翼样震颤
deep coma 深昏迷
light coma 浅昏迷
tension of muscle 肌张力
pathologic reflex 病理反射
blood ammonia 血氨

Adipose tissue 脂肪组织
3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3α-羟类固醇脱氢酶(Y'蛋白)
4-hydroxynonenal 4-轻基乙酸
Abdominal cavity injection 腹腔注射
abdominal distension   腹胀
acute fatty liver of pregnancy 妊娠急性脂肪肝
Adefovir Dipivoxil Tablets   阿德福韦酯片
adipocytokines 脂肪细胞因子
adiponectin 脂联素
alanine aminotransferase (ALT)   丙氨酸氨基转移酶
alcoholic cirrhosis 酒精性肝硬化
alcoholic liver disease 酒精性肝病
alkali phosphatase   碱性磷酸酶
alpha fetoprotein   甲胎蛋白
amebic liver abscess 阿米巴肝脓肿
ammoniemia 高氨血症
anhepatic 非肝性的
anhepatogenic 非肝原性的
animal hepadnaviruses 动物嗜肝病毒
anorexia 纳差
Antigen一presenting cells 抗原提呈细胞
antimitochodrialantibody,AMA   抗线粒体抗体
anti-nuclear antibody, ANA   抗核抗体
arteria hepatica 肝动脉
arteria hepatica propria 肝固有动脉
artificial liver support systems(ALSS) 人工肝支持系统
Ascites 腹水
aspartate aminotransferase 天冬门氨酸氨基转移酶
asterixis   扑翼样震颤
auto-immune hepatitis(AIH)   自身免疫性肝炎
auxiliary liver transplantation 辅助性肝移植
bile acid-dependent flow 胆汁酸依赖性胆汁流
bile capillary 胆小管
bile salt export pump ，BSEP 胆汁酸盐输出泵
biliary cirrhosis 胆汁性肝硬变
biliary hepatic fibrosis 胆汁性肝纤维化
bilirubin 胆红素
bilirubin UDP-glucuronyl transferase ，bilirubin-UGT 胆红素UDP葡萄糖醛酸基转移酶
biochemical response 生化学应答 指血清ALT 和AST 恢复正常。
Biotin-Streptavidin 生物素一链霉亲和素系统
blood ammonia   血氨
blood electrolytes   血电解质
Budd-Chiari syndrome BCS 布加综合征
Cadaver liver transplantation 尸体肝移植
carnitine palmitoyl transferaseI 肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶
ceruloplasmin 铜蓝蛋白
Charcot-Leyden crystal   夏-雷结晶
choledocholithiasis 胆总管结石
cholestatic 胆汁郁积的
cholestatic hepatitis 淤胆型肝炎
Cholesterol, 胆固醇
chronic active hepatitis 慢性活动性肝炎
chronic persistent hepatitis 慢性持续性肝炎
chronic prolonged hepatitis 慢性迁延性肝炎
cirrhosis 肝硬化
Clevudine   克拉夫定
coagulopathy 凝血紊乱,凝固阻碍
co-infection 同时感染
coma hepaticum 肝昏迷
combined liver-kidney transplantation CLKT 肝肾联合移植
concomitant immunity 伴随免疫
congenital hepatic fibrosis 先天性肝纤维化
covalently closed circular DNA 共价键闭环DNA cccDNA
covert infection 隐性感染
cystic fibrosis 囊性纤维化
cytochrome P450 2E 1 细胞色素P4502E 1
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes 细胞毒性T细胞
debilitation   乏力
deep coma   深昏迷
deletion mutation 缺失突变
deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸
diuretic   利尿剂
DNA polymerase DNA多聚酶
duck virus hepatitis 鸭病毒性肝炎
emtricitabine   恩曲他滨
endicavir   恩替卡维
end-of-treatment response 治疗结束时应答() 治疗结束时应答。
endotoxin   内毒素
end-stage liver disease   终末期肝病
enterohepatic circulation 肠肝循环
epitdermal growth factorEGF 表皮生长因子
extracellular matrix ECM 细胞外基质
facies hepatica   肝病面容
false neurotransmitter hypothesis 假性神经递质学说
fasting. 禁食
fatty acid binding protein ，FABP 脂肪酸结合蛋白(Z蛋白)
Fatty liver 脂肪肝
fibroblast growth factor 纤维母细胞生长因子
Fibrogenesis   纤维增生
Fibrolysis   纤维分解
fibronectin 纤维连接蛋白
fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis   纤维化淤胆性肝炎
Fibrosis   肝纤维化
flow cytometry 流式细胞术
foscavir see foscarnet sodium   膦甲酸钠
fulminant hepatic failure FHF 暴发性肝衰竭
fulminant hepatitis 爆发性肝炎
furosemide 呋塞米
gene mutation 基因突变
gene variation   基因变异
genotype 基因型,遗传型,属模标本,属典型种,属型
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ，G6PD 葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶
glutamgtranspeptidaser 谷氨酞转肽酶
glutathione S-transferase 谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(Y蛋白)
glycogenesis 肝糖生成
glycogenolysis 肝糖分解
haemodialysis   血液透析
helicobacter pylori 幽门螺杆菌
heme oxygenase 血红素氧化酶
hemochromatosis 血色素沉着症
Hemorrhage   出血
hepatatrophia 肝萎缩
hepatectomy \肝切除术
hepatic amebiasis 肝阿米巴病
hepatic bile 肝胆汁
hepatic carcinoma 肝癌
hepatic cord 肝索
hepatic encephalopathy HE 肝性脑病
hepatic fibrosis 肝纤维化
hepatic glycogen ；hepatin 肝糖原
hepatic lobule 肝小叶
hepatic odor   肝臭
hepatic oval cell，HOC   肝卵圆细胞
hepatic plate 肝板
hepatic retransplantation 再次肝移植
hepatic sinusoid 肝窦状隙
hepatic stellate cells   肝星状细胞
hepatic stem cell ，HSC   肝干细胞
hepatic trabecula 肝小梁
hepatic vein thrombosis 肝静脉血栓形成
hepaticoenterostomy 肝胆小肠吻合术
hepatitis gravis 重型肝炎
hepatitis virus infection 肝炎病毒感染
hepatization 肝样变
hepatoalbumin 肝清蛋白
hepatocellular jaundice 肝细胞性黄疸
hepatocirrhosis 肝硬化
hepatocyte apoptosis 肝细胞凋亡
hepatocyte growth factor HGF 肝细胞生长因子
hepatogenic 肝源性的
hepatolenticular degeneration 肝豆状核变性
hepatolith 肝石,肝胆管结石
hepatolithiasis 肝石病
hepatomegaly 肝肿大
hepatonecrosis 肝坏死
hepatopulmonary syndromeHPS 肝肺综合症
hepatorenal syndrome HRS 肝肾综合症
hepatorrhexis 肝破裂
hepatosplenomegaly 肝脾肿大
hepatotoxin 肝毒素
heterotopic liver transplantation 异位肝移植
histological response 组织学应答指肝脏组织学炎症坏死或纤维化程度改善达到某一规定值。
hyaluronic acidHA 透明质酸
hyperbilirubinemia 高胆红素血症
hyperglycemia, 高血糖症
hyperkalemia   高钾血症
hypersplenism   脾机能亢进
hypertriglyceridemia, 高甘油三酸酯血症
Hypoadiponectinemia 低脂联素血症
hypohepatia 肝功能不全
hyponatremia 低钠血症,血钠过少
icteric 黄疸的、黄疸患者
icterohepatitis 黄疸性肝炎
immunodeficiency 免疫紊乱
immunoenzymometric 免疫酶测定法
indications and contraindications 适应症和禁忌症
infectious necrotic hepatitis 传染性坏死性肝炎
initial or early response 初始或早期应答 治疗12 周时的应答。
Insulin Resistance 胰岛素抵抗
interferon 干扰素
interleukin-8 白细胞介素8
intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy ICP 妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症
Intraperitoneal hepacyte transplantation 腹腔内肝细胞移植
Intraportal hepacyte transplantation 门静脉内肝细胞移植
Intrasplennic hepacyte transplantation 脾内肝细胞移植
jaundice ；icterus 黄疸
kaliopenia   低钾血症
Kayser-Fleischer ring K-F环
Kupffer cell   枯否细胞
Laennec's cirrhosis 门脉性肝硬化
laminin 层粘连蛋白
Lamivudine Tablets   拉米夫定片
LEP;leptin 瘦素
ligamenta hepatis 肝韧带
light coma   浅昏迷
lipid peroxidation 脂质过氧化
Liver Abscess 肝脓疡
liver biopsy 肝活检
Liver diseases 肝疾病
liver neoplasm 肝脏肿瘤
liver palm   肝掌
liver parenchyma 肝实质
liver regeneration 肝再生
liver-associate lymphocytes 肝脏相关淋巴细胞
Living-related liver transplantation LRLT 活体肝移植
maintained response 维持应答
major histocompatibility complex 主要组织相容性复合体
malondialdehyde 丙二醛
matrix metalloproteinaseMMPs 基质金属蛋白酶
metabolic syndrome. 代谢综合征
minimal HE 轻微肝性脑病
molecular adsorbent recirculating system mars   分子吸附再循环系统
monoclonal antibody 单克隆抗体
myofibroblastMFB 纤维母细胞
Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide ，NTCP 钠离子/牛磺胆酸盐同向转运多肽
natremia   低钠血症
nausea   恶心
nonalcoholic Steatohepatltls   非酒精性脂肪性肝炎
obesity, 肥胖
Occult infection 隐匿性感染
oliguresis   尿少
opportunistic infection 机会性感染
organic anion transporting polypeptide ，OATP / human liver specific transporter 有机阴离子运载多肽 / 人肝特异载体
Orthotopic liver transplantation 原位肝移植
overflow theory 泛滥学说
paratyphoid fever 副伤寒
pathologic reflex   病理反射
PEG-IFN- α2a，Pegasys   派罗欣注射液
PEG-IFN- α2b   佩乐能
PEGylated Interferons   聚乙二醇干扰素
peptic ulcer 消化性溃疡
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells 外周血单个核细胞
Peritonitis 腹膜炎
permeability transition pore 通透性转换孔
Phytohemagglutinin 植物血凝素
piecemeal necrosis 碎屑样坏死
piggyback liver transplantion 背驮式肝脏移植
Plasma exchange，PE   血浆置换
platelet-derived growth factorPDGF 血小板衍生因子
portal hypertension   门静脉高压症
portal hypertensive gastropathy   门脉高压性胃病
Portal vein embolization 门静脉栓塞术
portal-systemic encephalopathy 门脉系统性脑病
postnecrotic cirrhosis 坏死性后肝硬变
prehepatic nonhemolytic jaundice 肝前非溶血性黄疸
preservation injury 保存损伤
preservation time 保存时间
primarybiliar Tcirrhosis,PBC   原发性胆汁性肝硬化
progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis ，PFIC 家族性进行性肝内胆汁淤滞综合症
prothrombin time ，PT   凝血酶原时间
protocol 诊断记录,记录,实验设计,备忘录,议定书,草案,试验计划书,会议记录,
questionnaire 调查表, 问卷, 调查表
racorporeal bioartifical Liver Support System(EBLSS） 体外生物人工肝支持系统
reactive oxygen species 线粒体反应氧体系
reduced-size liver transplantation RLT 减体积肝移植
serological response 血清学应答指血清HBeAg 转阴或HBeAg 血清学转换或HBsAg 转阴或HBsAg 血清学转换。
serum diagnosis 血清诊断
shunt bilirubin 旁路胆红素
shunt hyperbilirubinemia 旁路高胆红素血症
singultus   呃逆
sinusoidal endothelial cell (SEC)   窦内皮细胞
situ collagenase perfusion   原位胶原蛋白酶灌注
spider telangiectasia   蜘蛛痣
split liver transplantation 劈离式肝移植
stellate cell of liver 肝星形细胞
Stem cells 干细胞
subclinical infection 亚临床感染
super-infection 重叠感染
sustained response 持久应答() 治疗结束后随访6 个月或12 个月以上，疗效维持不变，无复发。
Telbivudine   LdT
tension of muscle   肌张力
Thymopolypeptides for Injection   胸腺肽
tisse inhibitor of metalloproteinase TIMP 基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制物
tumor necrosis factorTNF 肿瘤坏死因子
toxic hepatitis   中毒性肝炎
transforming growth factor 转移生长因子
transforming growth factorTGF 转化生长因子
triglyceride 甘油三酯
tumor necrosis factor 肿瘤坏死因子
tumor necrosis factor- a 肿瘤坏死因子a
Type Ⅳ collagen Ⅳ型胶原
typhoid fever 伤寒
ultrasonography, 超声(波)检查法
underfill theory 充盈不足学说
Varicose veins 静脉曲张
Veno-arterial bypass 静脉-动脉转流
veno-occlusive disease of the liver VOD 肝小静脉闭塞病
Veno-venous bypass 静脉-静脉转流
viral replication 病毒复制
virological response 病毒学应答 指血清HBV DNA 检测不到(PCR 法) 或低于检测下限，或较基线下降≥2 log10。
vomit   呕吐
Weil-Felix test 外斐反应
Widal's test 肥达反应
Wilson disease 肝豆状核变性
xanthine dehydrogenase 黄嘌呤脱氢酶
xanthine oxidase   黄嘌呤氧化酶
xenogeneic liver transplantation 异种肝移植
zoonosis 人兽共患病
γ-amino-butyric acid ，GABA γ-氨基丁酸

hepatitis A
甲型肝炎
acute parenchymatous hepatitis
急性实质性肝炎：同massive hepatic hepatitis
amebic hepatitis
阿米巴肝炎
anicteric hepatitis
无黄疸型肝炎
autoimmune hepatitis
自身免疫性肝炎
hepatitis B
乙型肝炎
hepatitis C
丙型肝炎
cholangiolitic hepatitis
毛细胆管炎性肝炎
cholangitic hepatitis
胆汁郁积性肝炎
cholestatic hepatitis
胆汁郁积性肝炎
chronic active hepatitis
慢性活动性肝炎
chronic aggrssive hepatitis
慢性活动性肝炎
chronic interstitial hepatitis
慢性间质性肝炎
chronic persisting hepatitis
慢性迁延性肝炎
hepatitis D
丁型肝炎
delta hepatitis
δ肝炎：即D型肝炎
hepatitis E.
E型肝炎
enterically transmitted non-A,non-B hepatitis (ETNAN
肠道传染性非甲非乙肝炎：即E型肝炎
epidemic hepatitis
传染性肝炎,同hepatitis A
familial hepatitis
家族性肝炎，进行性豆状核变性：同Wilsons disease
giant cell hepatitis
巨细胞性肝炎：同neonatal hepatitis
halothane hepatitis
氟烷性肝炎：极端罕见的短暂性黄疸及大片肝坏死，与吸入氟烷有关
homologous serum hepatitis
同种血清肝炎：同hepatitis B
infectious hepatitis
传染性肝炎：同hepatitis A
infectious necrotic hepatitis of sheep
羊传染性坏死性肝炎，黑病：同black disease
inoculation hepatitis
接种后肝炎：同hepatitis B
long-incubation hepatitis
长潜伏期肝炎，乙型病毒性肝炎：同hepatitis B
lupoid hepatitis
类狼疮性肝炎
MS-1 hepatitis
甲型病毒性肝炎：同hepatitis A
MS-2 hepatitis
乙型病毒性肝炎：同hepatitis B
neonatal hepatitis
新生儿肝炎
neonatal giant cell hepatitis
新生儿巨细胞性肝炎：同neonatal hepatitis
non-A,non-B hepatitis
非甲非乙型肝炎
plasma cell hepatitis
浆细胞性肝炎，同chronic active hepatitis
post-transfusion hepatitis
输血后肝炎
serum hepatitis
血清肝炎：同hepatitis B
short-incubation hepatitis
短潜伏期肝炎：同hepatitis A
transfusion hepatitis
输血性肝炎：同hepatitis B
viral hepatitis
病毒性肝炎：分别见hepatitis A， hepatitis B， delta g.和non-A，non-B hepatitis
hepatitis
肝炎
amoebic hepatitis
阿米巴肝炎
chronic hepatitis
慢性肝炎
chronic interstitial hepatitis
慢性间质性肝炎, 肝硬化
epidemic hepatitis
流行性肝炎; 传染性肝炎
ergasteric hepatitis
实验室(感染的)肝炎
nonspecific hepatitis
非特异性肝炎
serum hepatitis
血清性肝炎;【免疫】血清肝炎
toxic hepatitis
中毒性肝炎
nucleoside/nucleotide analogues   核苷酸类似物
RNA interference RNA干扰
Peritoneal malignancy 腹膜恶性肿瘤
Fluid thrill 液波震颤
oesophagus, 食道,食管
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) 内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影术
Sclerosing cholangitis 硬化性胆管炎
Colonoscopy 结肠镜检查[术]
Sigmoidoscopy 乙状结肠镜检查(术)
Congenital defects 先天性缺陷
Gilberts'syndrome 吉尔伯特综合征
Stercobilinogen 粪胆原,粪胆素原,粪后胆色素原
unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
非结合高胆红素血症

conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
结合高胆红素血症

cystic fibrosis
囊性纤维化

ascite
腹水

portal hypertension
门静脉高压

hepatocellular carcinoma
肝细胞肝癌

serum bilirubin
血清胆红素

child classification
CHILD分级

serum albumin
血清白蛋白

polycystic liver
多囊肝

proper hepatic artery
肝固有动脉

needle liver biospy
针刺肝活检

gallstone
胆结石

sphincter of Oddi
Oddi括约肌

ampulla of vater
Vater壶腹

gall bladder
胆囊

cholangitis
胆囊炎

cholangiocarcinoma
胆囊癌

hepatocyte
肝细胞

ankle oedema
踝部水肿

alchol dehydrogenase
酒精变性

hepatolenticular degeneration
Wilson's病